Understanding Electrical System Components – Basic layout of electrical networks. Voltages and line patterns are typical for German and other European systems.
A power grid (or power grid) is an interconnected network for delivering electricity from producers to consumers. Power grids consist of power plants, power substations to step up or step down voltage, power transmission to move power over long distances, and finally distribution of power to customers. In that final step, the voltage is again stepped down to the required service voltage. Power plants are usually built close to energy sources and away from populated areas. Power grids vary in size and can span entire countries or parts of the world. From small to large, there are microgrids, wide area synchronous networks, and supergrids.
Understanding Electrical System Components
Grids are almost always synchronous, meaning that all distribution areas operate in sync with the three-phase alternating current (AC) frequency (so that voltage fluctuations occur almost simultaneously). This allows AC power to be transmitted throughout the area, connecting power generators to consumers. Grids can make electricity markets more efficient.
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The combined transmission and distribution network is part of the electricity supply known as the “power grid” in North America, or simply “the grid”. In the United Kingdom, India, Tanzania, Myanmar, Malaysia and New Zealand, the network is known as the National Network.
As electrification increases, so does the number of people with access to grid electricity. About 840 million people (mainly in Africa), which is approx. 11% of the world’s population did not have access to grid electricity in 2017, compared to 1.2 billion in 2010.
Power networks can be prone to malicious intrusion or attack. thus, there is a need for security of power grids. Also, with the modernization of power grids and the introduction of computer technology, cyber threats are starting to become a security risk.
A microgrid is a local area network that is usually part of a synchronous regional wide area network, but which can be detached and operate autonomously.
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It can do this when the main network suffers from outages. This is known as islanding, and it can run on its own resources indefinitely.
A wide area synchronous network, also known as an “interconnection” in North America, directly connects multiple generators that supply AC power at the same relative frequency to multiple consumers. For example, there are four main interconnects in North America (Western Interconnect, Eastern Interconnect, Quebec Interconnect, and Texas Interconnect). In Europe, one large network connects most of continental Europe.
A wide area synchronous network (also called an “interconnection” in North America) is an electrical network on a regional or larger scale that operates at a synchronous frequency and is electrically connected under normal system conditions. They are also known as synchronous zones, the largest of which is the synchronous network in continental Europe (TSO-E) with 667 gigawatts (GW) of switching, and the widest region served is the IPS/UPS system area serving the countries. former Soviet Union. Synchronous grids with sufficient capacity facilitate electricity market trading over wide areas. In 2008, TSO-E traded more than 350,000 megawatt hours per day on the European Energy Exchange (EEX).
In North America, each interconnect operates at a nominal frequency of 60 Hz, while the European one operates at 50 Hz. Neighboring interconnections of the same frequency and standards can be synchronized and directly connected to form a larger interconnection, or they can share power without synchronization through high voltage direct current transmission lines (DC links) or variable frequency transformers (VFT). , which allow a controlled flow of power while functionally isolating the AC frequencies entering each side.
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Advantages of synchronous belts include aging pooling, which results in lower aging costs; load pooling, which leads to significant leveling effects; general provision of reserves, resulting in cheaper primary and secondary reserve energy costs; market opening, leading to the possibility of long-term contracts and short-term exchanges of electricity; and mutual aid during disturbances.
A disadvantage of a synchronous wide area network is that problems in one part can have ramifications for the entire network. For example, in 2018, Kosovo used more power than it received due to a dispute with Serbia, which resulted in the entire synchronous network of continental Europe being behind what it should have been. The frequency dropped to 49.996 Hz. This caused certain types of clocks to slow down by six minutes.
One concept plan for a super grid linking renewables across North Africa, the Middle East and Europe. (DESERTEC)
A supergrid, or hypergrid, is a wide-area transmission network designed to enable the trading of large volumes of electricity over long distances. It is sometimes also called a mega network. Super grids can support the global energy transition by smoothing out local fluctuations in wind power and solar power. In this context, they are considered a key technology to mitigate global warming. Super grids typically use High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC) to transmit electricity over long distances. The latest series of HVDC transmission lines can transmit power with only 1.6% losses per 1000 km.
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Electric utilities between regions are often interconnected to improve economy and reliability. Electrical interconnectors allow for economies of scale, allowing energy to be purchased from large, efficient sources. Utilities can draw power from generator stocks from different regions to provide continuous, reliable power and diversify their loads. Interconnection also allows regions to tap into cheap bulk power by getting power from a variety of sources. For example, one region may produce cheap hydropower during high water seasons, but another area may produce cheaper wind power during low water seasons, allowing the two regions to tap into each other’s cheaper energy sources at different times of the year. Neighboring utilities also help others maintain a common system frequency and also help manage handovers between utility regions.
The electricity interconnection level (EIL) is the ratio of the total interconnection capacity of the grid to the grid divided by the installed generating capacity of the grid. Within the EU, it has set 10% of national grids by 2020 and 15% by 2030.
Power generation is the process of supplying electricity from primary energy sources, usually in power plants. This is usually done with electromechanical generators driven by heat pipes or the kinetic energy of water or wind. Other energy sources include solar photovoltaic and geothermal energy.
The sum of the outputs of the generators in the grid is the grid’s output, usually measured in gigawatts (GW).
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500 kV three-phase transmission lines at Grand Coulee Dam; four schemes are shown; two additional circuits are covered by trees on the right; 7079 MW of dam tire aging power is accommodated by these six schemes.
Electricity transmission is the basic movement of electrical energy from a connected site, through a network of interconnected lines, to an electrical substation, from where it is connected to the distribution system. This network system of connections differs from local wiring between high-voltage substations and customers.
Since electricity is often consumed from where it is consumed, the transmission system can travel great distances. For a given amount of power, the transmission efficiency is greater at higher voltages and lower currents. Voltages are therefore stepped up at the transmitting station and at local substations for distribution to subscribers.
Most transmissions are three-phase. Three-phase, compared to single-phase, can provide much more power for a given amount of wire because the neutral and ground wires are shared.
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However, one of the main losses for conventional conductors is resistive loss, which is the square law of current and depends on distance. High voltage AC transmission lines can lose 1-4% per hundred miles.
However, high voltage direct current can have half the losses of AC. Over very long distances, these efficiencies can offset the additional cost of the required AC/DC converter stations per d.
A network diagram of a high voltage transmission system showing the interconnections between different voltage levels. This diagram depicts the electrical structure
Transmission networks are complex with redundant paths. The physical layout is often determined by what land is available and its geology. Most transmission networks offer the reliability that more complex mesh networks provide. Redundancy allows line failures to occur and power to simply be rerouted during repairs.
Chapter Two: Representation Of Power System Components
Substations can perform many different functions, but typically convert voltage from low to high (step-up) and high to low (step-down). The voltage between the generator and the final consumer can be converted several times.
Distribution is the last stage of power supply. it transfers electricity from the transmission system to individual consumers. The substations connect to the transmission system and step down the transmission voltage to an average voltage of 2 kV to 35 kV. Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution transformers located near the customer premises. The distribution transformers step the voltage down again to the usage voltage. Customers requiring much larger amounts of energy may be directly connected to the primary distribution level or to the sub-distribution level.
In North American cities and towns, the network follows a classic radial feed